SUEZ CANAL: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON ALTERNATIVE TRADE ROUTES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18568/internext.v19i1.758Keywords:
International logistics, Supply chain, International maritime and railway transport, Systematic literature reviewAbstract
Objective: This research aimed to analyze the main alternative routes to Suez Canal Route (SCR): North Sea Route (NSR) and Trans-Siberian Route (TSR). Method: A systematic literature review (SLR) was carried out using the Web of Science (WoS) database. Forty-eight related articles were found, of which 16 remained for further analysis after refinement. Main Results: It was identified that the TSR and NSR routes are economically viable compared to the SCR, given certain specific conditions, and that the railway mode is less studied in relation to the maritime mode. Relevance / Originality: Possible alternative trade routes for the transportation of goods, both via maritime and railway modes, were identified, with the highlighting of advantages and disadvantages. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: The study is relevant for the international logistics field, since, by analyzing each transport mode, it was possible to highlight issues that need to be further explored in relation to existing routes. Social / Management Contributions: This study contributed to determining TSR as the most cost-effective route according to the articles analyzed in the SLR. It also clarified issues such as prices, costs, distances, advantages and disadvantages, sustainability issues, as well as updated data from other studies.
Downloads
References
Abril, J. M., & Abdel-AaL, M. M. (2000). Marine radioactivity studies in the Suez Canal. A modelling study on radionuclide dispersion. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 48(3), 279-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(99)00079-X
Adzija, R., & Kukhta, M. (2022). Introduction to Logistics. Conestoga College.
Allianz SE (2021). The Suez canal ship is not the only thing clogging global trade. Allianz. Retrieved from https://www.allianz.com/en/economic_research/publications/specials_fmo/2021_03_26_SupplyChainDisruption.html
Alphaliner (2020). Cape Route vs Suez Canal. Alphaliner Weekly Newsletter. Retrieved from https://file-eu.clickdimensions.com/axsmarinecom-aahwq/files/alphaliner-spotlight-may2020.pdf
Arctic Economic Council (AEC) (2019). Arctic Economic Council Maritime Transportation Working Group Report: The State of Maritime Transportation in the Arctic. AEC. Retrieved from https://arcticeconomiccouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/AEC-Maritime-Transportation-WG-report.pdf
Bayirhan, İ., & Gazioğlu, C. (2021). New maritime trade routes in the Arctic Region: one of the strongest alternative to the Suez Canal. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformaties, 8(3), 397-401. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.911179
Biondo, K. (2008). Hitching a ride on the urasian express. Inbound Logistics, 28(10), 24. Retrieved from https://resources.inboundlogistics.com/digital/issues/il_digital_october2008.pdf
BP (2020). Statistical View of World Energy (69th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf
Bulis, A., & Skapars, R. (2014). Development of “New Silk Road” Northern branch through seaport of Riga in Latvia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 1222-1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.138
Cariou, P., Cheaitou, A., Faury, O., & Hamdan, S. (2019). The feasibility of Arctic container shipping: the economic and environmental impacts of ice thickness. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 23, 615-631. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-019-00145-3
Chen, J., Zeng, X., & Deng, Y (2016). Environmental pollution and shipping feasibility of the Nicaragua Canal. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 113(1-2), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.074
Christiansen, M., Fagerholt, K., Nygreen, B., & Ronen, D. (2007). Maritime Transportation. In C. Barnhart & G. Laporte (Eds.), Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science (14, p. 189-284). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0507(06)14004-9
Clarivate (2021). Web of science – web of science group. Clarivate. Retrieved from https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/solutions/web-of-science/
Contessi, N. P. (2021). The Suez Logjam added fuel to transport disruption. What Next? Global Policy. Retrieved from https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/14/05/2021/suez-logjam-added-fuel-transport-disruption-what-next
David, P. A. (2017). International Logistics: the Management of International Trade Operations (6th ed.). Cicero Books LLC.
Do Nascimento, L. G., & Maynetto, M. E. B. (2019). One Belt, One Road: the Chinese initiative for infrastructure and its repercussion on BRICS. Brazilian Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 117-141. https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n1.07.p117
Duerr, G. M. E. (2021). Suez Canal Blockage: Ship Freed, Heavy Traffic, International Impact. History and Government Faculty Contributions to the Popular Press, 1231. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/history_and_government_media_contributions/1231
El-Magd, I. A., Zakzouk, M., Abdulaziz, A. M., & Ali, E. M. (2020). The potentiality of operational mapping of oil pollution in the Mediterranean sea near the entrance of the Suez Canal using Sentinel-1 SAR Data. Remote Sensing, 12(8), 1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12081352
Fassin, Y. (2023). The ha-index, the average citation h-index. Quantitative Science Studies, 4(3), 756-777. https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00259
Faury, O., & Cariou, P. (2016). The Northern Sea Route competitiveness for oil tankers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 94, 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.026
Fu, X., Ng, A. K. Y., & Lau, Y. Y. (2010). The impact of maritime piracy on global economic development: the case of Somalia. Maritime Policy & Management, 37(7), 677-697. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2010.524736
Furuichi, M., & Otsuka, N. (2015). Proposing a common platform of shipping cost analysis of the Northern Sea Route and the Suez Canal Route. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 17, 9-31. https://doi.org/10.1057/mel.2014.29
Getty Images (2021). Retrieved from https://www.gettyimages.com.br/detail/foto-jornal%C3%ADstica/maxars-worldview-2-collected-new-high-resolution-foto-jornal%C3%ADstica/1231947210?adppopup=true
Ghosh, S. (2022). Types Of Water Transport. Marine Navigation. Marine Insight. Retrieved from https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-navigation/types-of-water-transport/
Gleb, S., & Jin, J. G. (2021). Evaluating the feasibility of combined use of the Northern Sea Route and the Suez Canal Route considering ice parameters. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 147, 350-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.03.024
Gunnarsson, B., & Moe, A. (2021). Ten Years of International Shipping on the Northern Sea Route. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 12, 4-30. https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v12.2614
Guo, J., Guo, S., & Lv, J. (2022). Potential spatial effects of opening Arctic shipping routes on the shipping network of ports between China and Europe. Marine Policy, 136, 104885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104885
Hermann, R. R., Lin, N., Lebel, J., & Kovalenko, A. (2022). Arctic transshipment hub planning along the Northern Sea Route: A systematic literature review and policy implications of Arctic port infrastructure. Marine Policy, 145, 105275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105275
Hilmola, O. P., Li, W., & Panova, Y. (2021). Development status and future trends for Eurasian container land bridge transport. Logistics, 5(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics5010018
Ho, J. (2010). The implications of Arctic sea ice decline on shipping. Marine Policy, 34(3), 713-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.10.009
Ibrahim, M. A., & Mosaad, R. M. (2021). Effect of environmental contaminants on antioxidant defense system in fringe‐lip mullet (Crenimugil crenilabis) from Suez Canal, Egypt. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 106(5), 779-785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03153-3
Islam, D., Zunder, T., Jackson, R., Nesterova, N., & Burgess, A. (2013). The potential of alternative rail freight transport corridors between Central Europe and China. Transport Problems, 8(4), 45-57. Retrieved from https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-6bcc1033-ba26-4056-8398-6ad0bb973f47/c/Islam.pdf
Khon, V. C., Mokhov, I. I., Semenov, V. A., Latif, M., & Park, W. (2010). Perspectives of Northern Sea Route and northwest passage in the twenty-first century. Climatic Change, 100, 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9683-2
Lasserre, F. (2014). Case studies of shipping along Arctic routes. Analysis and profitability perspectives for the container sector. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 66, 144-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.05.005
Lee, E., Oduor, P. G., Farahmand, K., & Tolliver, D. (2014). A coupled linear programming model with geospatial dynamic trip assignment for global-scale intermodal transportation. Maritime Economy Logistics, 16, 33-54. https://doi.org/10.1057/mel.2013.22
Lee, S.-W., & Song, J.-M. (2014). Economic possibilities of shipping through Northern Sea Route. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 30(3), 415-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2014.12.009
Li, Y., Bolton, K., & Westphal, T. (2018). The effect of the New Silk Road railways on aggregate trade volumes between China and Europe. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 16(3), 275-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2018.1453720
Liu, M., & Kronbak, J. (2010). The potential economic viability of using the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as an alternative route between Asia and Europe. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(3), 434-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.08.004
Lutmar, C., & Rubinovitz, Z. (2023). The Suez Canal: past lessons and future challenges. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15670-0
Maior, R. Â. M. S., Oliveira Jr., E. R., Ribeiro, A. R. B., & Fernandes, L. M. A. (2022). Consumer behavioural variables in relation to green products: a systematic literature review. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 21(4), 1307-1359. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v21i4.20016
Maró, Z. M., & Török, Á. (2022). China’s New Silk Road and Central and Eastern Europe—A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(3), 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031801
Martín Borda, D. (2011). Contribución del ferrocarril a la mejora de la oferta em el transporte de ommunity Europa-Asia (Publication No. 722-TES-CA-5181) [Minor thesis, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya]. Retrieved from https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/15690
Martínez-Zarzoso, I. (2013). Alternative sea routes: what effects on maritime trade? SAIS Review of International Affairs, 33(2), 61-74. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2013.0020
Mau, K., & Seuren, R. (2023). One belt, one road, one way? Where European exporters benefit from the new silkroad. Review of World Economics, 159, 257-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-022-00467-0
Menhas, R., Mahmood, S., Tanchangya, P., Safdar, M. N., & Hussain, S. (2019). Sustainable development under belt and road initiative: A case study of China-Pakistan economic corridor’s socio-economic impact on Pakistan. Sustainability, 11(21), 6143. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216143
Menon, A. (2020). What Is Draft or Draught Of A Ship? Naval Architecture. Marine Insight. Retrieved from https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/vessel-draft-vessel-draught-ship/
Moon, D., Kim, D., & Lee, E. (2015). A study on competitiveness of sea transport by comparing international transport routes between Korea and EU. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 31(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2015.03.001
Notteboom, T. E. (2012). Towards a new intermediate hub region in container shipping? Relay and interlining via the Cape route vs. the Suez route. Journal Transport Geography, 22, 164-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.003
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2016). Capacity to grow, transport infrastructure needs for future trade growth. International Transport Forum. Retrieved from https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/future-growth-transport-infrastructure.pdf
Peters, G. P., Nilssen, T. B., Lindholt, L., Eide, M. S., Glomsrød, S., Eide, L. I., & Fuglestvedt, J. S. (2011). Future emissions from shipping and petroleum activities in the Arctic. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 5305-5320. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5305-2011
Pham, T. Y., Kim, K. Y., & Yeo, G.-T. (2018). The Panama Canal expansion and its impact on east–west liner shipping route selection. Sustainability, 10(12), 4353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124353
Pierre, C., & Olivier, F. (2015). Relevance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for bulk shipping. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 78, 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.020
Port Technology International (2021). Maersk responds to ocean congestion with new intermodal route. Port Technology International. Retrieved from https://www.porttechnology.org/news/maersk-responds-to-ocean-congestion-with-new-intermodal-route/
Pörtner, H. O., Roberts, D. C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Andrés, C. M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., & Rama, B. (2022). IPPC 2022: Climate Change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: working group II contribution to the sith assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [Press release]. Retrieved from https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/57717/
Privatefly (2020). What is a knot? Privatefly. Retrieved from https://blog.privatefly.com/what-does-mach-mean-when-describing-aircraft-speed#:~:text=A%20knot%20(often%20abbreviated%20to,1%20nautical%20mile%20per%20hour
Pruyn, J. F. J., & Van Hassel, E. B. H. J. (2022). The impact of adding the Northern sea route to the Belt and Road Initiative for Europe: A chain cost approach. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 15, 100659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100659
Qian, C., Seuring, S., & Wagner, R. (2020). A review of inter-firm relationship quality in supply chains. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 36(12), 2187-2200. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2019-0199
Reuters (2020). Egypt's Suez Canal revenues up 4.7% in last 5 years - chairman. Reuters.
Rodrigue, J.-P. (2020). The Geography of Transport Systems (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429346323
Rodrigue, J.-P., & Notteboom, T. (2009). The geography of containerization: half a century of revolution, adaptation and diffusion. GeoJournal, 74(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-008-9210-4
Sahoo, R., Pasayat, A. K., Bhowmick, B., Fernandes, K., & Tiwari, M. K. (2022). A hybrid ensemble learning-based prediction model to minimise delay in air cargo transport using bagging and stacking. International Journal of Production Research, 60(2), 644-660. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.2013563
Sauer, P. C., & Seuring, S. (2017). Sustainable supply chain management for minerals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 151, 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.049
Schøyen, H., & Bråthen, S. (2011). The Northern Sea Route versus the Suez Canal: cases from bulk shipping. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 977-983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.03.003
Sea Rates. Portal. Retrieved from https://www.searates.com
Serreze, M. C., & Barry, R. G. (2011). Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: a research synthesis. Global and Planetary Change, 77(1-2), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004
Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P): elaboration and explanation. British Medical Journal, 349. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7647
Solvang, H. B., Karamperidis, S., Valantasis-Kanellos, N., & Song, D. W. (2018). An exploratory study on the Northern Sea Route as an alternative shipping passage. Maritime Policy & Management, 45(4), 495-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2018.1446104
Spagna, J. (2021). Entenda a importância do Canal de Suez e como ele pode aparecer nas provas. Guia do Estudante. Retrieved from https://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/estudo/entenda-a-importancia-do-canal-de-suez-e-como-ele-pode-aparecer-nas-provas/
Stott, P. W. (2012). New Panamax and its implications for ship design and efficiency [Conference Presentation]. Low Carbon Shipping Conference. Newcastle University. Retrieved from https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/186968/5E8D4479-55CD-4C4A-BEC9-E4FCDA10FBD2.pdf
Sun, Z., Zhang, R., & Zhu, T. (2022). Simulating the Impact of the Sustained Melting Arctic on the Global Container Sea–Rail Intermodal Shipping. Sustainability, 14(19), 12214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912214
Sur, J. M., & Kim, D. J. (2020). Multi criteria evaluation of beneficial effect of commercializing Northern Sea Route on Europe and Asia countries. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 36(4), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2020.03.002
Szymonik, A. (2014). International logistics (Publication No. 2103) [Monography]. Lodz University of Technology Press. Retrieved from https://repozytorium.p.lodz.pl/server/api/core/bitstreams/9c5cedac-770e-454e-8ff9-f15cabb5107d/content
Talley, W. K., & Ng, M. (2013). Maritime transport chain choice by carriers, ports and shippers. International Journal of Production Economics, 142(2), 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.11.013
Theocharis, D., Pettit, S., Rodrigues, V. S., & Haider, J. (2018). Arctic shipping: A systematic literature review of comparative studies. Journal of Transport Geography, 69, 112-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.04.010
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
Tseng, P.-H., Zhou, A., & Hwang, F.-J. (2021). Northeast passage in Asia-Europe liner shipping: an economic and environmental assessment. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15(4), 273-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1741747
Tsuji, H. (2007). International container transport on the Trans-Siberian railway in 2005–2006: The end of Finland transit and expectations regarding Japanese use. Erina Report, 73, 20-30. Retrieved from https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199533383
Vizcarra, N., Stroeve, J., Beam, K., Beitler, J., Brandt, M., Kovarik, J., Savoie, M. H., Skaug, M., & Stafford, T. (2017). New Tools for Sea Ice Data Analysis and Visualization: NSIDC's Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, PA13A-0223. Retrieved from https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPA13A0223V
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad). (2021). Review of maritime transport 2021. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/annual-report-2021
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad). (2023). Review of Maritime Transport 2023: Towards a green and just transition. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2023_en.pdf
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (Unescap) (2022). Sustainable transport connectivity between Asia and Europa: progress and challenges. Retrieved from https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/event-documents/1_ESCAP_Kormilitsyn__22_June_2022-update.pdf
Valsson, T., & Ulfarsson, G. F. (2009). Adaptation and change with global warming: emerging spatial world structure and transportation impacts. Transportation Research Record, 2139(1), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.3141/2139-14
Verny, J., & Grigentin, C. (2009). Container shipping on the Northern Sea Route. International Journal of Production Economics, 122(1), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.03.018
Wagener, N., & Aritua, B., Zhu, T. (2020). The New Silk Road: Opportunities for global supply chains and challenges for further development. Log Forum, 16, 193-207. https://doi.org/10.17270%2FJ.LOG.2020.403
Wan, Z., Su, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., & Chen, J. (2023). Analysis of the impact of Suez Canal blockage on the global shipping network. Ocean & Coastal Management, 245, 106868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106868
Wang, H., Zhang, Y., & Meng, Q. (2018). How will the opening of the Northern Sea Route influence the Suez Canal Route? An empirical analysis with discrete choice models. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 107, 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.11.010
Wang, X., & Meng, Q. (2011). The impact of landbridge on the market shares of Asian ports. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 47(2), 190-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2010.09.006
Wang, X., Wang, Y. D., Li, K. X., & Yuen, K. F. (2020). Transport Research under belt and road initiative: Current trends and future research agenda. Transpormetrica A: Transport Science, 17(4), 357-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2020.1731008
Wen, X., Xu, X., Choi, T.-M., & Chung, S.-H. (2019). Optimal Pricing Decisions of Competing Air-Cargo-Carrier Systems–Impacts of Risk Aversion, Demand, and Cost Uncertainties. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 50(12), 4933-4947. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2019.2930725
Xinhua (2018). BRI cooperation boosts China-Uzbekistan partnership. Retrieved from http://www.china.org.cn/world/2019-10/31/content_75358846.htm
Xu, H., & Yin, Z. (2021). The optimal icebreaking tariffs and the economic performance of tramp shipping on the Northern Sea Route. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 149, 76-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.04.017
Xu, H., Yang, D., & Weng, J. (2018). Economic feasibility of an NSR/SCR-combined container service on the Asia-Europe lane: a new approach dynamically considering sea ice extent. Maritime Policy & Management, 45(4), 514-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2018.1443521
Yercan, F., & Sogut, M. Z. (2023). Comparative analysis of entropy and environmental impacts of shipping operations on arctic and international routes. Applied Ocean Research, 139, 103707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2023.103707
Yuan, C. Y., Hsieh, C. H., & Su, D. T. (2020). Effects of new shipping routes on the operational resilience of container lines: potential impacts of the Arctic Sea Route and the Kra Canal on the Europe‐Far East seaborne trades. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 22, 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-019-00128-4
Zeng, Q., Lu, T., Lin, K.-C., Yuen, K. F., & Li, K. X. (2020). The competitiveness of Arctic shipping over Suez Canal and China-Europe Railway. Transport Policy, 86, 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.11.005
Zhang, Y., Meng, Q., & Ng, S. H. (2016). Shipping efficiency comparison between Northern Sea Route and the conventional Asia-Europe shipping route via Suez Canal. Journal of Transport Geography, 57, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.09.008
Zhao, H., & Hu, H. (2016). Study on economic evaluation of the northern sea route taking the voyage of Yong Sheng as an example. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2549(1), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.3141/2549-09
Zhu, S., Fu, X., Ng, A. K. Y., Luo, M., & Ge, Y.-E. (2018). The environmental costs and economic implications of container shipping on the Northern Sea Route. Maritime Policy & Management, 45(4), 456-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2018.1443228
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Pedro Alexandre Ranzan, Tatiane Pellin Cislaghi, Elieti Biques Fernandes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The author(s) authorize the publication of the article in the journal;
- The author(s) ensure that the contribution is original and unpublished and is not being evaluated in other journal(s);
- The journal is not responsible for the opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts because they are the sole responsibility of the author(s);
- In case an article will be approved for publication, the author will sign the term of Cession of Copyright to the journal, according to the download form.
