The Adjustment of spouses and expatriates and its relationship with expatriate’s performance in international assignments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18568/1980-4865.11221-34Keywords:
Adaptation, Expatriate, Spouse, PerformanceAbstract
The adaptation of an expatriate is a function of several factors and family issues have been identified as potential influencers in the process. However, little is known about the effect of the existing role of the spouse in the adaptation of the expatriate. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the adjustment of expatriates and their spouses with the performance of the expatriate. It is a quantitative study with 217 couples in which one member of the couple occupied the expatriate position. The results showed no significant relationship between the adjustment of the spouse and the performance of the expatriate, but revealed that the adaptation of expatriate moderates the relationship between these variables. These results suggest that the adaptation of the spouse can have an indirect relationship on expatriate performance, via the expatriate’s adaptation. These findings support the idea that companies should invest in organizational support to facilitate a better fit of the expatriate and his spouse to the host country culture and to promote a higher individual performance.Downloads
References
Anderson, N., Ones, D. S., Sinangil, H. K., & Viswesvaran, C. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of industrial, work & organizational psychology: Volume 1: p. 409-423. Personnel psychology. Sage.
Andreason, A. W. (2008). Expatriate adjustment of spouses and expatriate managers: An integrative research review. International Journal of Management, 25(2), 382-395.
Araujo, B. F. V. B., Bilsky, W., & de Oliveira Moreira, L. M. C. (2012). Valores pessoais como antecedentes da adaptação transcultural de expatriados. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 13(3), 69-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-69712012000300005
Araujo, B. F. V. B., Teixeira, M. L. M., da Cruz, P. B., & Malini, E. (2012). Adaptação de expatriados organizacionais e voluntários: similaridades e diferenças no contexto brasileiro. Revista de Administração, 47(4), 555-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.5700/rausp1058
Araujo, B. F.V. B, Teixeira, M. L. M., da Cruz, P. B., & Malini, E. (2014). Understanding the adaptation of organisational and self-initiated expatriates in the context of Brazilian culture. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(18), 2489-2509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.743470
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48(2), 257-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2005.16928400
Bauer, T. N., & Taylor, M. S. (2001). Toward a globalized conceptualization of organizational socialization. International handbook of industrial, work, and organizational psychology, 1, 409-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848608320.n20
Black, J. S. (1988). Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(2), 277-294.
Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of management, 15(4), 529-544.
Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1991). The other half of the picture: Antecedents of spouse cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of international business studies, 22(3), 461-477.
BGRS. Global relocation trends. (2014) survey report. New York: Windham International, 2014. Recuperado de, em 10 jul 2015: http://www.brookfieldgrs.com/insightsideas/trends.asp.
Brown, R. J. (2008). Dominant stressors on expatriate couples during international assignments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(6), 1018-1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585190802051303
Caligiuri, P. M. (2000). The big five personality characteristics as predictors of expatriate's desire to terminate the assignment and supervisor‐rated performance. Personnel Psychology, 53(1), 67-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00194.x
Caligiuri, P. M., & Tung, R. L. (1999). Comparing the success of male and female expatriates from a US-based multinational company. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(5), 763-782.
Cheng, H. L., & Lin, C. Y. Y. (2009). Do as the large enterprises do?: Expatriate selection and overseas performance in emerging markets: The case of Taiwan SMEs. International Business Review, 18(1), 60-75.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
Claus, L., Lungu, A. P., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2011). The effects of individual, organizational and societal variables on the job performance of expatriate managers. International Journal of Management, 28(1), 249-272.
Cohen, J. (1997). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Revised edition. New York: Academic Press, 1997.
Cole, N. D. (2011). Managing global talent: Solving the spousal adjustment problem. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(07), 1504-1530. http://dx.doi.org10.108009585192.2011.561963
Collings, D. G., Scullion, H., & Morley, M. J. (2007). Changing patterns of global staffing in the multinational enterprise: Challenges to the conventional expatriate assignment and emerging alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42(2), 198-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.02.005
Davies, S., Kraeh, A., & Froese, F. (2015). Burden or support? The influence of partner nationality on expatriate cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of Global Mobility, 3(2), 169-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JGM-06-2014-0029
Forster, N., & Johnsen, M. (1996). Expatriate management policies in UK companies new to the international scene. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7(1), 177-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585199600000124
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2005). Análise multivariada de dados. Bookman Editora.
Harvey, M. (1998). Dual-career couples during international relocation: The trailing spouse. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(2), 309-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095851998341116
Harvey, M., Napier, N., & Moeller, M. (2009). Interpreting dual career couples' family life-cycles: Identifying strategic windows of global career opportunity. Research and practice in human resource management, 17(2), 14-35.
Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social problems, 44(2), 174-199.
Hemmasi, M., Downes, M., & Varner, I. I. (2010). An empirically-derived multidimensional measure of expatriate success: reconciling the discord. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(7), 982-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585191003783447
Konopaske, R., Robie, C., & Ivancevich, J. M. (2005). A preliminary model of spouse influence on managerial global assignment willingness. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(3), 405-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958519042000339570
Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., & Jaworski, R. A. A. (2001). Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 71-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00086.x
Kraimer, M. L., & Wayne, S. J. (2004). An examination of perceived organizational support as a multidimensional construct in the context of an expatriate assignment. Journal of Management, 30(2), 209-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2003.01.001
Kupka, B., & Cathro, V. (2007). Desperate housewives–social and professional isolation of German expatriated spouses. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(6), 951-968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585190701320908
Kumar, N., Che Rose, R., & Sri Ramalu, S. (2008). The effects of personality and cultural intelligence on international assignment effectiveness: a review. Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 320-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2008.320.328
Lazarova, M. B., & Cerdin, J. L. (2007). Revisiting repatriation concerns: Organizational support versus career and contextual influences. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(3), 404-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400273
Lee, Hung-Wen. (2007). Factors that influence expatriate failure: An interview study. International Journal of Management, 24(3), 403-414.
Lee, L. Y., & Kartika, N. (2014). The influence of individual, family, and social capital factors on expatriate adjustment and performance: The moderating effect of psychology contract and organizational support. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(11), 5483-5494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.02.030
Lee, L. Y., & Sukoco, B. M. (2010). The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: The moderating effects of international experience.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(7), 963-981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958519100378339
Lee, L. Y., & Van Vorst, D. (2010). The influences of social capital and social support on expatriates' cultural adjustment: an empirical validation in Taiwan.International Journal of Management, 27(3), 628-648.
McNulty, Y., De Cieri, H., & Hutchings, K. (2009). Do global firms measure expatriate return on investment? An empirical examination of measures, barriers and variables influencing global staffing practices. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(6), 1309-1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585190902909830
Mohr, A. T., & Klein, S. (2004). Exploring the adjustment of American expatriate spouses in Germany. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(7), 1189-1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958519042000238400
Pattie, M., & Parks, L. (2011). Adjustment, turnover, and performance: the deployment of minority expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(10), 2262-2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.580195
Ramalu, S. S.; Wei, C. C.; Rose, R. C. (2011). The effects of cultural intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment and job performance amongst expatriates in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(9), 59-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.599956
Reis, G. G., Fleury, M. T. L., Fleury, A. C. C., & Zambaldi, F. (2015). Brazilian Multinationals Competences: Impacts of a" Tug of War" Between Cultural Legacies and Global Mindedness. Brazilian Business Review, 12(1), 55-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2015.12.1.3
Ringle, C. M.; Wende, S.; Will, A. (2014). Smart PLS 2.0 M3 (beta). Germany: Universityof Hamburg, 2005. Recuperado de, em 22 ago. 2014: <http://www.smartpls.de>.
Santos, N. M., Bronzo, M., Oliveira, M. P. V., & Resende, P. T. V. (2014). Organizational Culture, Organizational Structure and Human Resource Management as Bases for Business Process Orientation and their Impacts on Organizational Performance. Brazilian Business Review, 11(3), 100-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2014.11.3.5
Schuler, R. S., Fulkerson, J. R., & Dowling, P. J. (1991). Strategic performance measurement and management in multinational corporations. Human Resource Management, 30(3), 365-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930300305
Selmer, J., & Leung, A. S. (2003). International adjustment of female vs male business expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management,14(7), 1117-1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JGM-12-2014-0055
Selmer, J., & Fenner Jr, C. R. (2009). Spillover effects between work and non-work adjustment among public sector expatriates. Personnel Review, 38(4), 366-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483480910956328
Shaffer, M. A., & Harrison, D. A. (1998). Expatriates' psychological withdrawal from international assignments: work, nonwork, and family influences. Personnel psychology, 51(1), 87-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00717.x
Shaffer, M. A., & Harrison, D. A. (2001). Forgotten partners of international assignments: development and test of a model of spouse adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 238-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.2.238
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Gregersen, H., Black, J. S., & Ferzandi, L. A. (2006). You can take it with you: individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied psychology, 91(1), 109-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.109
Shih, H. A., Chiang, Y. H., & Hsu, C. C. (2010). High involvement work system, work–family conflict, and expatriate performance–examining Taiwanese expatriates in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(11), 2013-2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.505101
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002). An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 655-666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.4.655
Takeuchi, R., Lepak, D. P., Marinova, S. V., & Yun, S. (2007). Nonlinear influences of stressors on general adjustment: the case of Japanese expatriates and their spouses. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(6), 928-943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400298
Van der Zee, K. I., Ali, A. J., & Salomé, E. (2005). Role interference and subjective well-being among expatriate families. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14(3), 239-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13594320500146250
Van Erp, K. J., van der Zee, K. I., Giebels, E., & van Duijn, M. A. (2014). Lean on me: The importance of one's own and partner's intercultural personality for expatriate's and expatriate spouse's successful adjustment abroad. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 23(5), 706-728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.816088
Wu, P. C., & Ang, S. H. (2011). The impact of expatriate supporting practices and cultural intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment and performance of expatriates in Singapore. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(13), 2683-2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.599956
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
- The author(s) authorize the publication of the article in the journal;
- The author(s) ensure that the contribution is original and unpublished and is not being evaluated in other journal(s);
- The journal is not responsible for the opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts because they are the sole responsibility of the author(s);
- In case an article will be approved for publication, the author will sign the term of Cession of Copyright to the journal, according to the download form.